Plumbing fixtures are very important elements of a building, whether it is commercial or residential, providing water for use and also removing wastewater. Their sizing, placement, and care are key factors of the operation, effectiveness, and life of plumbing. Offering the most current coverage available, PLUMBING 101 follows the 2003 International Plumbing Code and is an entry-level resource for anyone entering the plumbing field.
What is a Plumbing Fixture?
A plumbing fixture is a device that can be attached or hooked up to a plumbing system for regulated delivery and removal of water. Plumbing fixtures provide access to water for washing, bathing, and sanitation, both in residential buildings and commercial buildings. Examples of plumbing fixtures include: sinks, toilets, bathtubs, showers, faucets, urinals, bidets, drinking fountains, hoses, etc. Essentially, a plumbing fixture is a manufactured product designed for regulated access to use water conveniently, for hygienic purposes, and daily activities.
Types of Plumbing Fixtures
Faucets
Faucets control water flow and temperature for activities like washing hands, dishes, or cooking. Available in traditional, touchless, single-handled, and double-handled options, they come in plumbing materials like galvanized steel, brass, and chrome for durability. Touchless kitchen sink taps are gaining popularity for their water-saving and hygienic benefits, especially in high-traffic areas like commercial building kitchens and bathrooms.
Sinks
Sinks are versatile fixtures used for washing hands, dishes, and food. Constructed from materials such as stainless steel, porcelain, composite, granite, and ceramic, sinks combine practicality with style. Undermount and drop-in sinks integrate seamlessly into countertops, providing a smooth aesthetic and easy cleaning.
Showers
Showers deliver water in spray patterns for bathing, commonly found in bathrooms. They range from single-head to multiple-head systems and may include handheld sprayers and massage jets. Showers come in various configurations, such as independent units, bathtub-shower combinations, or standalone enclosures, offering customizable and luxurious bathing experiences.
Bathtubs
Bathtubs are used primarily for soaking. Styles include freestanding, alcove, drop-in, and clawfoot. Made from fiberglass, acrylic, cast iron, and porcelain, many bathtubs feature whirlpool jets and built-in massage systems for added comfort and relaxation.
Drinking Fountains
Drinking fountains provide potable water in public spaces. With motion sensor technology, modern fountains offer hands-free operation, improving hygiene and efficiency.
Pot Fillers
Pot fillers are wall-mounted or deck-mounted swing-arm faucets installed near stovetops to fill pots directly with water, eliminating the need to carry heavy water-filled vessels from the sink. They are especially useful in large kitchens or for frequent cooking, adding both convenience and functionality.
Water Closets (Toilets)
Toilets are essential for waste disposal, with variations like one-piece, wall-mounted, and dual-flush options. Dual-flush toilets offer water-saving features by allowing users to choose between a full or half flush, making them more eco-friendly and efficient.
Urinals
Urinals are typically installed in public restrooms and provide efficient waste disposal for men. Available in wall-mounted and floor-mounted designs, many modern urinals use low-flow or waterless technology to conserve water.
Bidets
Bidets are personal hygiene fixtures often found next to toilets. They offer a hygienic alternative to toilet paper, featuring adjustable water flow and temperature control for enhanced comfort.
Laundry Tubs
Laundry tubs are deep utility sinks used for washing clothes, typically found in laundry rooms. Made from stainless steel or fiberglass, they provide ample space for large cleaning tasks.
Floor Drains
Floor drains are installed in areas prone to water accumulation, such as bathrooms and kitchens, to manage excess water and prevent flooding.
Wash Troughs
Wash troughs are long, basin-style communal sinks designed to accommodate multiple users simultaneously, making them ideal for high-traffic areas like schools, factories, hospitals, and stadiums.
These plumbing fixtures enhance functionality and comfort while promoting water efficiency and hygiene, making them essential for modern living.
Materials Used in Plumbing Fixtures
Plumbing fixtures also include a variety of materials that are used according to the things to be done. Commonly used plumbing materials include:
- Stainless: An extremely common material due to its almost complete lack of need for maintenance. Stainless steel is a popular choice, and most people identify it by its naturally silver appearance.
- Porcelain or Ceramic: Perfect for toilets, sinks, and bathtubs. They have a smooth surface and are easy to clean.
- Acrylic and fibreglass: They have a low weight and are affordable. They are popular choices for bathtubs and shower surrounds.
- Cast iron: A durable material that will usually have an enamel finish when specified for sinks and bathtubs.
- Brass and chromed brass or copper: Good for faucets, the mains supply, and beyond. Excellent corrosion resistance, coupled with a nicely coppery look (where applicable).
- PVC, CPVC, and PEX: New polymers for supply and waste lines. Flexible and resistant to chemical corrosion, they have become widely popular.
How to Select the Right Plumbing Fixtures?
Selecting appropriate plumbing fixtures involves several technical and practical considerations,
1. Performance: Ensure the fixture meets its intended purpose (e.g., size and flow for a sink, temperature control for a shower).
2. Compatibility: Ensure the fixtures are compatible with the current plumbing. Check pipe size, pressure rating, and installation layout.
3. Quality of Material: Choose a corrosion-resistant and sturdy material, as it will be used in areas with hard water.
4. Installation and Maintenance: Opt for fixtures with universal montage so internal or exploratory parts are more easily repaired.
5. Reliability and Brand Standards: Use brands that are reputable and all fixtures are compliant with ISI and BEE for safety and performance.
6. Aesthetics and Style: Choose a material and style for the fixtures that complement the room’s overall theme.
7. Price and Warranty: Shop for a competitive price, look for full warranties, and make sure after-sales service is available.
General Tips for Installing Plumbing Fixtures
Proper installation is vital for the optimal performance and longevity of plumbing fixtures.
- Proper Measurements: Measure the area of installation accurately, and make marks for drilling holes for firm mounting.
- Pipe Connections: When using threaded connections, apply plumber’s tape to the threads to keep leaks from developing. Ensure the connections in the piping are secure and tight.
- Testing: Once everything has been installed, check for leaks and test the water pressure, making adjustments as necessary to ensure proper plumbing flow.
- Completing the Job: Once the fixtures are installed, make sure that the fixtures are properly spaced and all connections and components function properly.
Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Regular maintenance ensures the reliability and efficiency of plumbing fixtures.
- Regularly inspect for leaks, corrosion, and wear on seals and washers.
- Cleaning with proper cleaning materials to prevent the buildup of minerals, especially in hard water locations.
- Replacing washers, cartridges, or seals to eliminate leaks or broken operating features.
- Consult licensed plumbers when repair work is complex or ongoing repairs/issues to avoid further damaging plumbing fixtures or health concerns.
- Installing anti-limescale devices and purchasing plumbing fixtures with self-cleaning features is ideal for less maintenance.
Conclusion
Plumbing fixtures are a crucial consideration in the comfort, health, and productivity of modern buildings. Chosen plumbing fixtures that serve the needs of each building, are installed correctly, and are then maintained properly, are integral to a plumbing system’s performance. It is hoped that, having understood the technical information about plumbing systems and best practices, contractors and owners will have an avenue for ensuring the successful long-term use of their plumbing systems.
Frequently Asked Questions
Cast iron and stainless steel are among the most durable materials, offering excellent resistance to corrosion and wear.
Routine inspections should be conducted every 6–12 months, with immediate attention to any leaks or operational issues.
Not necessarily. Quality, compatibility, and brand reputation are more important than price alone. Compare features and certifications before purchasing.
Look for ISI and BEE certifications to ensure compliance with safety, efficiency, and environmental standards.
Those with adequate skills and tools can install basic fixtures, but complex installations should be handled by professionals to ensure compliance and safety.